Related textbook topics
Aligned with the petrol-engine structure and four strokes in Section 1, Heat Engines, Chapter 14, Applications of Internal Energy, of the previously checked older PEP Grade 9 physics textbook. Its diagrams are on pages 18–19; chapter and page numbers in newer editions must be checked against the actual textbook.
PEP textbook catalogue ↗ · Previously checked older pages ↗
Teaching model created for this site
Illustrative dimensions: bore 80 mm, stroke 72 mm and connecting rod 116 mm. These show geometric connections, not a particular engine. Gas colours distinguish stages, not measured temperatures. At 1×, one teaching cycle lasts 12 seconds.
Valve drive, lubrication and cooling systems are omitted. Simplified valve timing has no advance or overlap, with ignition at 360°. The exploded view shows assembly relationships and is not a repair guide.
Principle references
Motion uses slider–crank geometry with a fixed rod length. During compression the piston does work on the gas; during expansion the gas does work on the piston. Actual temperature, pressure, power and efficiency are not calculated.
NASA · Four strokes and the ideal cycle ↗